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Niankhnum & Khnumhotep · Conceptions of Gender & Sexuality from Pharaonic Times to the Early Christian Era · Roman Egypt Skip to main content

Niankhnum & Khnumhotep

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1. Tomb of Niankhnum & Khnumhotep

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2. Khnumhotep smelling a lotus

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3. Niankhnum & Khnumhotep at their most intimate

Niankhnum & Khnumhotep were both royal manicurists of the fifth dynasty (c. 2500 - 2350 bce), buried together in a tomb (1) which contains a number of unique features.  A number of Egyptologists (& others) claim the two to have been either twins or intimate friends, but both of these arguments are constructed on weak foundations.

The crux of the claim for twinship is the similarity between the pair's names.  However, it is important to note that such similarity was remarkably common--due to most ancient cultures having simply a shallower pool from which to draw names than today.  An intimate friendship seems also unlikely, not for that there was no platonic intimacy in ancient Egypt--in fact, platonic intimacy was more commonplace than in the modern West--but for the fact that the pair's tomb simply reads differently.

Throughout the tomb, which does briefly depict the two's wives, Niankhnum & Khnumhotep are central.  The two are depicted almost always together--their names even inscribed as one at the entrance--, & Khnumhotep is consistently depicted acting in ways identical to that of a wife in contemporaneous tomb art (Parkinson).

In 2, Khnumhotep is pictured seated with a lotus, a sign of eternal life, in hand.  Such a stance, i.e., smelling a lotus flower, is a familiar motif in tomb art, but always one where the wife is depicted (ibid.).  Khnumhotep is likewise elsewhere shown like to a woman, depicted with a light skin tone, whereas men are given darker skin, & in a subordinate & intimate position to Niankhnum.

In Egyptian art, always performative & highly idealised, a subordinate person is shown by being physically smaller than or behind their superior, on the left, & frequently in touching their superior on the arm or shoulder (ibid.).  3, from the innermost chamber, clearly shows Khnumhotep not only positioned on the left, but also behind Niankhnum & with his hand on his shoulder.  Here, the two are equal in height, & even Niankhnum holds Khnumhotep's shoulder, showing the two as relative equals despite Niankhnum holding certain superiority ('subordinate' & 'superior' here are used in the same sense as 'passive' & 'active,' respectively).  In this same image, the two are face to face, the familiar position of two people kissing, which elsewhere is reserved only for husband & wife (Reeder).

Sexuality
Niankhnum & Khnumhotep